What Color Of Light Should Be Used For Lawn

Lawn composed of moss

Moss lawns are lawns composed of moss, which are grown equally an alternative to grass lawns.^[1] They are a defining chemical element in moss gardens.

Uses [edit]

Mosses are squishy and compress without being damaged, but they are easily torn by tension. Moss lawns can therefore stand being walked on, but not existence scuffed.^[2] They tend to be likewise clammy to sit down upon comfortably.^[iii]

Moss lawns can be used as a living mulch; they retain moisture, do non get compacted, and do non require annual replacement.^{[two] [iv]} A moss layer tin act as a concrete barrier to forbid germination of vascular plants.^[5] Moss also hosts symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, similar clover, and when mosses are dried and wetted, they release nitrogen into the soil. Mosses reduce losses of soil wet to evapotranspiration;^{[5] [six]} when saturated, mosses reduce h2o infiltration into soil.^{[half dozen]} Mosses thermally insulate the soil.^{[5] [6]}

Moss lawns may be used to comprehend green roofs. They are also used as an erosion-control groundcover, along the banks of watercourses,^[7] under flowing h2o,^[8] and on steep slopes.^[9]

Visual effects [edit]

Traditional Japanese garden aesthetics avoids contrasts, symmetries and groupings that would create points which dominate visual attention, instead creating scenes in which visual salience is evenly distributed beyond the field of view. Stand up-out colours, textures, objects, and groups are avoided. The size of objects, groupings, and the spacings between them are arranged to be self-similar at multiple spatial scales; that is, they produce like patterns when scaled up or downward (zoomed in or out). This property is besides seen in fractals and many natural scenes. This self-similarity may be extended all the mode downward to the scale of surface textures. The mottled texture and colour of moss (like that of rocks) can be used every bit office of such self-similar, evenly-distributed-salience designs.^[ten] Moss is considered to express a wabi-sabi aesthetic.^[11]

Maintenance [edit]

Removing weeds by mitt from a thin surface area of Kenroku-en, a famous garden.

In the wild, mosses may naturally form a continuous lawn under conifers (a conifer moss forest^{[ commendation needed ]}); the more than upright mosses, such equally Hylocomium splendens, can grow over falling needles.^[12] For mosses non adjusted to a continuous fall of needles, though, needles tin can cause mould.^[seven] Deciduous trees are quite different; deciduous leaves are wider, and they autumn abruptly. While some mosses grow under deciduous copse in nature,^[6] a blanket of dead leaves or other debris tin smother a moss backyard.^[12] Leaving the leaves on the moss short-term does not harm the moss, merely long-term, almost leaves should be kept off the moss.^{[one] [thirteen]} In traditional Japanese gardens, moss nether deciduous trees is swept clear with a broom; more modernly, a leaf blower may be used.^[3] It is also possible to temporarily lay down netting (just not metallic netting, which is toxic to moss^[14]). The shed leaves land on the netting, and when the leaves have finished falling, netting and leaves can exist rolled up together^[7] and removed.^{[7] [i] [13]}

Moss lawns do non crave fertilizer or other soil amendments, as moss lacks a root system.^{[1] [2]} Moss lawns do non need mowing, although there are a few species which can be mown.^[9]

While moss requires some moisture, its water demands are moderate; one percent or less of the water needed past an boilerplate Usa grass lawn.^[1] It does non benefit from deep watering.^[15] Moss lawns are drought-resistant after they have become established; they are among the most drought-resistant garden plants.^{[ii] [xvi]} The moss will go fallow in less favourable conditions.^[thirteen] Moss thus generally just needs watering until it is established.^{[2] [16]} When rehydrated, it recovers and becomes green within seconds.^[17] Misting for a minute or two a mean solar day will keep a moss lawn green.^[15] Overwatering can impale moss;^[eighteen] most species cannot stand beingness waterlogged, though some (like Sphagnum) require it, and others grow just underwater.^[14]

Mosses stay green at moderately sub-freezing temperatures, and thus remain dark-green all wintertime in many climates.^{[17] [xviii]} A layer of snow will insulate it; it may grow under low-cal snow cover.^{[ citation needed ]} Some mosses depend on seasonal snowfall cover.^[xix]

Moss lawns do fine on compacted soil; an expanse in which moss is cultivated should not be aerated or scarified.^[20]

Weeding is generally needed.^[17] For smooth mosses, weeds can be kept downwards with a string trimmer on idle. Weeds tend to exist excluded as the moss grows thicker.^[18] Acrocarpous mosses tend to exist thicker and meliorate at excluding weeds.^[4] Grazing may also encourage moss.^[six] Grazers such equally deer and rabbits often won't eat moss.^[7]

Atmospheric condition [edit]

A light and wet gradient at the Kokedera moss garden, Saihō-ji temple, Kyoto, Nihon. Note multiple different moss types.

The mosses tin can live in a broader range of habitats than the flowering plants can. Different species of mosses have very different needs, and needs quite different from flowering plants. They are, however, often excluded past contest from flowering plants, and thus generally grow in places where flowering plants can't.^[14]

Light levels [edit]

Moss lawns can abound in anything from blazing sun to total shade, but unlike species are specialized to different light levels.^[2] Year-round dominicus exposure is important; space nether deciduous trees may be seasonally sunny, and require sun-tolerant species.^[9]

Substrate [edit]

Mosses exercise not abound roots into the soil, but about mosses demand to attach rhizomes to the substrate in club to abound and remain in place; this is assisted by immigration and smoothing a lawn substrate and fairing a fillet between vertical and horizontal surfaces. Loose debris and precipitous angles discourage moss growth.^[8] While preparing for the moss, curves and mounds may be sculpted (this is easiest in clayey soil), and a hose may exist used to erode the edges of shapes.^[18] Established moss can resist flowing water^[8] and secure steep slopes.^[9] While some beach species specialize in growing on shifting sands, and may grow on sandy, salty roadside soil in cities,^{[8] [21]} most mosses are very deadening to colonize loose-shifting surfaces.^[22] Depressions in moss lawns may fill with droppings.^[eight]

There are moss species that abound on near any substrate, including rocks, wood, or soil.^[2] The rhizoids do grow into any soil, in some cases nearly equally deep as the moss is alpine, in order to hold the moss in place.^[three] Mostly, mosses does not absorb nutrients from the soil, so soil amendments practise not do good moss.^[2] Many mosses are ombrotrophic, fed by rain.

pH, moisture and temperature [edit]

Melting snow provides moisture and cool temperatures, which encourage moss growth.

There are moss species that are suited to the full range of soil pHs,^{[ii] [8] [fourteen]} merely some gardeners adjust the pH to discourage other plants which might compete with the moss.^[23] Many other plants do badly in acidic soil;^[9] moss thrives in acidic soil conditions.^[1] This also reduces the risk of limescale deposits on the moss, which can wick water up from waterlogged soil; regularly rinsing with rainwater from above will wash off deposits. Mosses absorb water through their leaves, and are watered more like air plants than common vascular garden plants. Watering with hard tapwater may also crusade lime deposits; soft tapwater may contain dissolved metals, which can kill moss.^[14] Japanese moss gardens largely rely on natural atmospheric precipitation,^{[24] [11]} with the garden creating atmospheric condition where the moss will spontaneously grow.^[25] Shelter from wind will reduce evaporation, which helps proceed mosses from drying out.^[26]

To photosynthesize, moss needs sunlight (not necessarily straight), moisture, and temperatures above about -v degrees Celsius (xx Fahrenheit) simultaneously. Different most other plants, it cannot shop free energy for use afterward (except for in a storage protein used to repair prison cell walls).^[27] This ways that watering moss will non increment growth unless it will stay wet, unfrozen, and at least slightly lit for some hours after.^{[sixteen] [14]} Moss has little power to retain water; it is poikilohydrous.^{[ citation needed ]} If dried-out or frozen, it becomes dormant.^[27] Becoming dormant takes energy, so rapid wet-dry out cycles tin cause a cyberspace free energy loss.^[16] Light, frequent watering can allow moss to grow speedily, while leaving the backyard as well dry for other plants, which need water to soak in to the soil.^[two] Once established, moss does non require watering, and is more than drought-tolerant than almost plants.^{[ii] [16]} Moss can survive frozen for centuries, and revive when thawed.^[28] Moss has internal antifreeze,^[17] which allows it to grow at temperatures a few degrees beneath freezing.^[27]

Sekirakuen Garden in Hakone, Japan

Immature mosses take a protonemal form, which is more similar an algal picture than a moss; small moss fragments may revert to this country. Moss in a protonemal state is much more likely to die if dried out. When it converts to the gametophyte form, subsequently a few weeks, it becomes much more drought-resistant.^[29]

A sprinkler or misting system, automatic on a timer, is oftentimes used to get mosses established. Spray times of 2–5 minutes, thrice daily, are typical,^[nine] merely this may vary with the moss species.

Mosses can abound next to water features, but the unvarying level of artificial watercourses may not allow the moss to dry out, which can cause problems with mould.^{[xxx] [16]}

Starting moss lawns [edit]

Moss lawns can be started by several different methods:^[13]

• Buying sheets of moss from institute nurseries and transplanting.^[31] Because moss tin become dormant for long periods, it is easy to ship.^[iii]
  • Wild-collected: moss collection from the wild has led to serious environmental issues in some areas.^[32] Many found, animal, and insect species alive intermingled with moss and are gathered with information technology; much moss is traded locally, merely some is shipped internationally.^[33] Moss drove has been banned in parts of the United States.^[3] Mossers collect moss from the wild.^[three]
  • Cultivated: due to the slow growth of moss, tends to be expensive. There are efforts to speed the growth of moss in order to make moss cultivation more cost-effective.^[32]
• Dividing moss already in the garden, and allowing the patches to spread and merge.
  • Moss does better if divided when dry and thus dormant.^[29]
  • Moss can be divided and propagated while frozen,^[3] but the rhizomes are more flexible and attach meliorate if the moss is thawed while being set out.^[34]
  • Spreading moss with yogurt, buttermilk, beer, or manure tea, though widely advocated, is not helpful to the moss and can crusade mould.^[ii] Polymer gel and^[7] clay^[35] tin be used to thicken a slurry of moss fragments.
  • Moss can exist transplanted within a garden.^[17]
• Weed and encourage: weeding out non-moss species, and encouraging the moss with wet.^[13]
  • Both are more often than not necessary; in most gardens, the moss will not expand into a total rug without an initial period of watering to tip the balance.^[2]
  • Repeatedly mowing an expanse to a very brusque meridian all summer, so watering heavily, may help the moss outcompete the vascular plants.^[20] Many grass lawns already have moss living under the grass.^[23]
• Letting the moss come: preparing good weather for moss, and allowing naturally-occurring spores to seed it.^[13]
  • Moss spores are everywhere, regardless of whether moss is growing nearby, as they are carried long distances past wind;^[ii] they are carried hemisphere-wide by the jet streams.^[17] They germinate to algae-similar protonema, which then convert to more robust gametophytes.^[29]
  • Species are suited to the local conditions tend to do amend.^[31]
  • This is the technique used in Japanese moss gardens.^[25]

Transplanting [edit]

When transplanting moss on to soil, the soil surface is slightly loosened first. After the moss is in identify, information technology is thoroughly watered and walked on or otherwise tamped down. This helps attach the transplanted moss to the soil.^{[eight] [ix]}

Transplanted moss may be secured to a new substrate with small twigs^[9] or metal pegs. Pond netting or tulle, held with mural staples or tent pegs, or sometimes suspended on stakes, may be used to discourage wildlife from digging up moss.^[36]

Species used in moss lawns [edit]

A labelled collection of some of the garden mosses at Ginkakuji

Several species of moss can exist grown in moss lawns. Mosses that are native to a local area take less fourth dimension to establish and maintain.^[31] It is hard to have moss thrive when transplanted fifty-fifty short distances; however, it is sometimes possible to gear up a habitat for the desired species to colonize. An average garden may have about a dozen moss species growing in information technology already, though identifying them may exist difficult.^[fourteen]

In the moss trade, generic descriptive terms are frequently used instead of species names. For instance, "sheet moss" is any moss with a sail-like addiction; in the US, usually Thuidium delicatulum (delicate fern moss), Hypnum imponens (flat fern moss), or Hypnum curvifolium (curvy fern moss); similarly, "mood moss" is any species that forms cushions or clumps, in the U.s. unremarkably Dicranum species.^[33]

The acrocarps and pleurocarps are both types of Bryopsida mosses.^{[ citation needed ]}

Pleurocarps [edit]

Prostrate, creeping, branching; smooth sheetlike; fast to regenerate from fragments and faster-growing,^[37] with maximum growth rates assuasive them to double in size every six months. They are earlier-succession than acrocarps.^[37] They can alive constantly moist^[27] or fifty-fifty submerged,^[38] and may be watered as often as six times a day; even so, if they get soggy they will grow fungi, including mould and mildew.^[sixteen] This is specially common at temperatures in a higher place 24 °C (75 °F).^[xxx]

• Hypnum sp.; deep to moderate shade, will resist some pes traffic.^[xiii]
  • Hypnum cupressiforme ^[37]
  • Hypnum imponens (flat fern moss)^{[37] [33]}
• Entodon seductrix;^[37] semi-sun ^[39]
• Climacium americanum (tree moss^[nine]); semi-sun, damp^{[39] [17]} Resists erosion, waterlogging; used for stormwater control.^[9]
• Thuidium delicatulum (Mutual Fern Moss, Delicate Thuidium Moss);^[37] dominicus to medium shade, wet, shelter from current of air. Volition abound on logs and rough rocks.^[xl] Resists erosion.^[9] Turns gilded in the fall.^[17]
• Plagiomnium cuspidatum ^[37] (Toothed Plagiomnium Moss, Woodsy Thyme-moss)
• Bryandersonia illecebra ^[37]

Acrocarps [edit]

Acrocarps are thick, upright, mounded/clumping in habit, and slower-growing.^[37] Acrocarps need to dry out out regularly.^[27] If constantly moist for more than 2–3 months, they volition rot,^[16] and they will not abound completely submerged.^[38] They are generally more drought-tolerant than pleurocarps.^[2]

• Polytrichum commune (haircap moss, awned haircap moss, blue moss, blue hairy cap^[9]); sandy, acidic soil; deep shade if dry out, sunnier if wetter, will resist some foot traffic.^{[13] [37]} Can be mown lightly. Resists erosion, as it has unusually deep rhizoids.^[9]
• Rock cap moss (Dicranum sp.); rocks or soil, deep shade simply^{[xiii] [37]}
  • Dicranum scoparium (Broom Fork Moss,^[33] mood moss, windswept moss, broom moss, footstool moss, absorber moss^[9])
• Leucobryum species
  • Leucobryum glaucum (Cushion moss , pincushion moss, white moss^[9]); silverish clumping moss that favours sandy soil, shade to light sun^{[13] [37] [39]} Generalist species with a wide distribution.^[9]
  • Leucobryum albidum ^[ix]
• Campylopus introflexus ^[41] (an alien invasive in the northern hemisphere^[42])
• Aloina aloides; likes lord's day, survives sand and salt; grows on sand dunes and at the margins of metropolis roads.^{[39] [21]}
• Atrichum species
  • Atrichum undulatum (big star moss, crane moss, crown moss, starburst moss); adapted to shady, moist, areas; resists human foot traffic well. Grows to an even height.^[9]
  • Atrichum angustatum; like to A. undulatum, merely broader range of soil moistures.^[9]
• Bryum
  • Bryum argentium ^[39]
  • Bryum caespiticium (tufted thread moss); indirect sun or shade. Dries to dark-brown.^[43]
• Ceratodon purpureus (fire moss, red roof moss); volition grow in total lord's day and pollution. Robust and brightly-coloured.^{[39] [43] [44]}

Gallery [edit]

Wild moss lawns [edit]

• 

  A natural moss lawn in an evergreen moss forest. The moss overgrows the needles and fragmented cones.

• 

  Moss in a deciduous wood. Leafage litter excludes moss from the ground, but it volition grow on any surface which escapes a covering of fallen leaves.

• 

  Moss only beginning to colonize a frozen basaltic lava menses in Iceland

• 

  Moss volition abound on boulders

• 

Moss lawns in gardens [edit]

• 

  Sekirakuen Garden in Hakone, Japan.

• 

• 

  Shut view

• 

  A dormant moss lawn in Kyoto, wintertime.

See likewise [edit]

• List of garden features
• Tapestry backyard
• Saihō-ji (Kyoto) (Kokedera moss garden)
• Schistostega
• Poikilohydry (ability to revive from a desiccated state)
• Moss is often ombrotrophic

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Dunn, Jancee (May 2008). "Moss Makes a Lush, No-Care Lawn". The New York Times . Retrieved 29 February 2020.
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j grand l 1000 north o} Kingdom of spain, David (14 March 2019). "How-To Grow Moss". Moss and Rock Gardens. Archived from the original on 2019-03-14. Moss Myths
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Tortorello, Michael (2 April 2014). "Gathering Moss". The New York Times.
4. ^ ^{a b} Weir-Jimerson, Karen (4 November 2019). "Marvelous moss garden". Garden Gate.
5. ^ ^{a b c} Poller, Sonya (22 Jan 2015). "Alberta's Wonderful World of Bryophytes". Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute Blog. Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute.
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9. ^ ^{a b c d east f one thousand h i j thou l m n o p q r s} Connolly, Kathleen (thirty November 2019). "Hither's What to Know If You Want to Create a Low-Maintenance Moss Lawn". The Spruce.
10. ^ van Tonder, Gert J.; Lyons, Michael J. (September 2005). "Visual Perception in Japanese Rock Garden Design" (PDF). Axiomathes. 15 (3): 353–371. CiteSeerXten.1.one.125.463. doi:10.1007/s10516-004-5448-8. S2CID 121488942.
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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss_lawn

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